https://www.francescabray.co.uk/gallery daily 0.75 2018-08-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1535125312792-DCJ7P4QGTXYH3U3A4DB5/Wellcome+tea+uses+by+man.jpg Gallery - Man Welcome's tea user https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1535125312792-DCJ7P4QGTXYH3U3A4DB5/Wellcome+tea+uses+by+man.jpg Gallery - Man Welcome's tea user https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1535125388935-3ZN9BLI8SUD1FTZZ47VO/Wellcome+tea+monkeys+2.jpg Gallery https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1535125394920-LV6XEEL67CBZT7FHJQRA/Wellcome+tea+monkeys+1.jpg Gallery https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1535125415687-KR63K8N70107GRZZ9U3W/Wellcome+sugar+uses+by+man.jpg Gallery https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1535125424531-L6AR4W7EHZ3YU6NZWZ91/temple+rats+small.jpg Gallery https://www.francescabray.co.uk/blog daily 0.75 2018-09-23 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/blog/2018/9/23/remembering-the-future monthly 0.5 2025-06-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537716460784-6A8SNOPAPCKTWZMBA5UT/cow+with+bell+mieres.jpg Thoughts - Remembering the future https://www.francescabray.co.uk/photography daily 0.75 2024-04-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1535133421083-V8S1Z1DSMWTSJRWB0Q0P/ploughing+scene+from+gengzhi+tu+bm.jpg Home - Rice in Chinese history This scene of ploughing comes from the Gengzhi tu (Ploughing and Weaving Illustrated), an album of 45 paintings, with poems, created by the magistrate Lou Shu in around 1140. The album shows the main tasks of rice-farming and sericulture as practised in the lower Yangzi region of China at the time. Reproduced many times over the centuries, in media ranging from woodblock New Year prints to designs on precious jades or porcelains, the scenes from the Gengzhi tu became a familiar visual motif in everyday life, high and low. The Gengzhi tu celebrated the contributions of peasant families to supporting the state and the social order. Because the illustrations are so rich in technical detail, the Gengzhi tu has also become an important source for reconstructing everyday technologies in imperial China. Image credit ©Trustees of the British Museum (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) https://www.francescabray.co.uk/new-events daily 0.75 2018-11-03 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/new-events/2018/7/18/reassembling-crops-for-changing-climates monthly 0.5 2018-11-03 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/new-events/2017/10/27/the-republic-of-plants monthly 0.5 2018-11-03 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/new-events/2018/11/3/seminar-moving-crops-and-the-scales-of-history monthly 0.5 2018-11-03 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/new-events/2018/9/29/shot-2018-panel-moving-crops-and-the-scales-of-history-a-round-table monthly 0.5 2018-09-29 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/tea-1 daily 0.75 2018-09-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538206882109-AKMUQRDSX9PTZX57VZBT/Table+1.jpg Tea - Table 1: Assam Company tea production 1840-1905. Based on H.A. Antrobus, A History of the Assam Company, 1839-1953. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable (1957), ‘The Company’s Statistics’: 406-412. Download https://www.francescabray.co.uk/other-cropscapes daily 0.75 2018-10-12 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/contact-1 daily 0.75 2018-10-14 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/about daily 0.75 2025-06-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1535122570407-CEPDQPNVKBALCG2FXWSL/mieres+key+to+the+village.jpg About https://www.francescabray.co.uk/tea daily 0.75 2025-06-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537521620318-5ZNZXVLSQGYROARBUHIW/Table+1.jpg Tea - Table 1: Assam Company tea production 1840-1905. Based on H.A. Antrobus, A History of the Assam Company, 1839-1953. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable (1957), ‘The Company’s Statistics’: 406-412. Full version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537521907407-4W87D0VKSXBYZJHOSJ9W/Table+2.jpg Tea - Table 2: Chaîne opératoire of tea productions Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537522104074-VAO894V11XAVEUMMBFZ8/Table+3.jpg Tea - Table 3: Chaîne opératoire of tea manufacture. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537522211681-CT8X2U81RBADJZUZBLH1/Table+4.jpg Tea - Table 4: Chinese chaînes opératoires of tea cultivation. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537522326223-BAE6LQOP3MGICVEV0W0B/Table+5+-+1.jpg Tea - Table 5: Chinese chaînes opératoires of tea manufacture. Based on Fortune and Ball. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537537663472-0P5TDG5V48VUTTTVIL24/Table+6+-+1.jpg Tea - Table 6: Assam Company innovations in techniques and machinery: Timeline 1836-1931. Based on Antrobus. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538209756604-VZEHLGBF3LJ59CDB7WTC/Table+7.jpg Tea - Table 7: Châine opératoire of manufacturing tea, High Range ca. 1935. Based on Robertson. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538207974785-AGC1K2KSZFSRVRK2YOVJ/chain01.jpg Tea - Figure 1:Châine opératoire for making a frog amulet. UCL Institute of Archaeology website. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537521775292-Q5RVWUAXKFENS1JUD2JL/Figure+2+tea+ch+op.png Tea - Figure 2: Basic châine opératoire of tea-production. Drawn by author. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538209597315-PF8DJR83RXM1TEGROUNC/Te+processing.png Tea - Figure 3: Processing sequences for Green, White, Oolong and Black teas. author: Apis O-tang, 2008 Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537522559288-Q26RL32IN5A4PQ9N5FFQ/Figure+4+money+1883.png Tea - Figure 4: Châine opératoire of tea-production. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537522623489-0WCJV15MEMNIWAATGR4D/Figure+5+crole+1897.png Tea - Figure 5: Châine opératoire of tea-production. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537522729593-4ORTA1ANVJC7U5Z6RQCH/Figure+6+ASR+ch+op+growing+tea.png Tea - Figure 6: Châine opératoire of developing and maintaining a tea-estate, High Range, Travancore, India ca. 1935. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537522851398-SPY5CD4BESEU2M694I4Q/Figure+7+50+yrs+mechn.png Tea - Figure 7: 50 years of mechanisation. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537522919798-D29MF6CLYIY8D690E4WH/Figure+8A+robertson+tools.jpg Tea - Figure 8: Sketches of common field tools Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538204350887-YWBB04EIMPGHXMT6C4Y1/Figure+8B+robertson+tools+%281%29.jpg Tea - (Figure 8B), High Range ca. 1935. Original drawings by Robertson. Full Version https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537535436112-HPPF3IZP64478F97PWIY/Wellcome+tea+uses+by+man.jpg Tea A tea plant (Camellia sinensis), its flowers and seeds, bordered by six scenes illustrating its use by man. Coloured lithograph, c. 1840. One of a set of six prints showing economic plants and their uses, this illustration was produced at the time that the Assam experiment in tea-growing was just beginning. It shows tea cultivation, processing and packing as a purely Chinese process, geared to a market of British retailers and consumers. A group of genteel English ladies is shown tracing the distant roots of tea-production on a globe perched on their tea-table amidst the delicate China tea-service. Credit: Wellcome Library no. 28058i https://www.francescabray.co.uk/the-tomato-the-telephone-and-the-toilet daily 0.75 2025-06-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/eaa8dad5-c8f2-46ec-a76f-4f285a362979/Heavenly+Power.jpg The Tomato, the telephone and the toilet - Make it stand out Heavenly power, advertisement for Kohler toilet, 1997 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/read-me daily 0.75 2016-03-04 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/contact daily 0.75 2018-08-24 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/cropscapes daily 0.75 2025-06-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/794af5d2-b777-4012-b6af-efefe7d75bbc/cover+corrected+small.jpg Cropscapes Moving Crops is a bold redefinition of historical inquiry based on the “cropscape”―the people, creatures, technologies, ideas, and places that surround a crop Human efforts to move crops from one place to another have been a key driving force in history. Crops have been on the move for millennia, from wildlands into fields, from wetlands to dry zones, from one imperial colony to another. This book is a bold but approachable attempt to redefine historical inquiry based on the “cropscape”: the assemblage of people, places, creatures, technologies, and other elements that form around a crop. The cropscape is a method of reconnecting the global with the local, the longue durée with microhistory, and people, plants, and places with abstract concepts such as tastes, ideas, skills, politics, and economic forces. Through investigating a range of contrasting cropscapes spanning millennia and the globe, the authors break open traditional historical structures of period, geography, and direction to glean insight into previously invisible actors and forces. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537534979778-5M3HRZ9R4G554PAZLGGE/tobacco_image_web.jpg Cropscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537534836705-IA1VGX696RQJTM23ZS2G/aufsess_bier.jpg Cropscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537534924469-7RCFHDV0VCJ31OW5MWMN/caper_tea_website.jpg Cropscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537535023716-R62Y9AFMRFMYGDE4JH9L/tgkw.png Cropscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/cef3f304-dd6d-4d02-b885-249eb2482225/Image+4.jpg Cropscapes - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1543084240965-OSSWVCPWP6DH62AFK2WL/late+season+weed+control+UNL.JPG.jpg Cropscapes Weeds in wheat field; https://cropwatch.unl.edu/post-wheat-harvest-weed-control https://www.francescabray.co.uk/new-page daily 0.75 2018-09-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537702375829-6CWLWYQTY7C83AGYSM89/TankGraphicNew.jpg Waterscapes Sri Lankan tank irrigation system. Link here https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537699770736-5E2BF8SPNGW490RKDROB/oasis+Ica+Peru+panorama.png Waterscapes Oasis at Ica in Peru, 2007, Eric Bronder, Link here https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537702608939-OLZLGM42772CA4ZGRLHS/tgkw+seed+drill.jpg Waterscapes Sowing wheat or millet in North China using a seed-drill; Tiangong kaiwu (Exploitation of the Works of Nature), Song Yingxing, 1637. https://www.francescabray.co.uk/networks daily 0.75 2018-09-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538206605394-BD7Z3N0MVA8DSB18BESD/SHOT+2.png Networks - SHOT:Society of the History of Technology https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538215711553-5FZR4TRMTNATOO4X70IE/Max+Planck.png Networks - Max Planck Institute for the History of Science https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538216623901-BLRXXAQIKCLR733HZ466/SHOT+Asia.jpg Networks - SHOT Asia Facebook Group https://www.francescabray.co.uk/publications daily 0.75 2025-06-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538217591597-I50RT8MW5S4OBMGEVW6J/Rice+-+second+reference.jpeg Publications Rice: Global Networks and New Histories (Cambridge, 2015) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538217704574-O1KP5ZKCMS162QA5GC3U/Technology+gender.jpg Publications Technology, Gender and History in Imperial China: Great Transformations Reconsidered (Routledge, 2013) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538217812259-DR6DX71K2C54VJF43RTZ/Tool+for+virtous.jpg Publications 'Tools for virtuous action: technology, skills and ordinary ethics', in Charles Stafford (ed): Ordinary Ethics in China (LSE Monographs on Social Anthropology, 2013) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538217329053-JOUSW3MP1VWIWXC8NXQB/First+Reference.jpg Publications ‘Science cultures’, in Laura Grindstaff, Ming-Cheng Lo and John R. Hall (eds), Routledge Handbook of Cultural Sociology, 2nd ed., due 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538217605754-WPFAQF0R0INVKGWFAUE9/Food+and+anthropology+ref.jpg Publications ‘Feeding the farmers, feeding the nation: the Long Green Revolution in Kelantan, Malaysia’, in James L. Watson and Jakob Klein (eds), Handbook of Food and Anthropology, London: Bloomsbury, 2016: 173-199. https://www.francescabray.co.uk/tabacco-scapes daily 0.75 2018-09-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537520770260-90XBRJQ2OPWKL05GRMZZ/tobacco_image_web.jpg Tobacco scapes https://www.francescabray.co.uk/teascape daily 0.75 2018-09-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538209276832-24YB2DW4N6OFGVLL2JUZ/Teascapes+3.png Teascapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538209151450-TXS0SFQJL7DZ5DIEL2LG/Teascapes.png Teascapes Photo by JBL (in a tea garden in Assam) - the trenches by the side of the tea-plant bed collect excess water - but also turn into breeding ground for mosquitoes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538209202067-EX38LI85BRGEQYT0MR67/Teascapes+2.png Teascapes Photo by JBL at the Munnar Tea Museum: High Range Light Railway (pre-1924) Munnar https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538218709873-JKKBCSPX237BQAQ6QQEK/caper_tea_website.jpg Teascapes A tea plantation in china In China, tea was grown more like a household agricultural crop, cultivated on a small scale by independent peasant farmers except for a brief interlude in the eleventh century, under the Northern Song dynasty, when tea was a state monopoly and the government set up centrally-managed tea estates in the parts of Sichuan and Fujian. The plucking and processing was by and large manual. https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/V0019197.jpg/full/full/0/default.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1538209310195-HT8AE3U2F752AOVD02GS/Teascapes+4.png Teascapes From: The Modern Review January 1942 https://www.francescabray.co.uk/beerscapes daily 0.75 2018-09-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537476523797-AXKZBUWCE3U65ZWGXLOE/aufsess_bier.jpg Beerscapes Tray of Western barley beers, Germany, 2012. Wikicommons image by Benreis, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aufse%C3%9F_Bier.JPG https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1537698148358-RDMZR8IHO3K8GNRKHXO1/Bulletin_%281901%29_%2819799573794%29.jpg Beerscapes Amazonian women preparing manioc beer. Ca. 1901. By Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology - https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/19799573794/ https://www.francescabray.co.uk/conferences daily 0.75 2020-02-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1580836378125-0E5HBQDI4H9LY42XQ02K/image-asset.jpeg RoP Conferences Republic of Plants - Chennai International Conference-cum-Workshop IIT Madras, Chennai, India (IC&SR Building Hall 2) 10-14 December 2019 ORGANISED By: The MOVING CROPS Research Group (incubated by the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin) : Dagmar Schaefer, Francesca Bray, Barbara Hahn, John Bosco Lourdusamy, Tiago Saraiva and Alina-Sandra Cucu SUPPORTED By: Apparao Galleries ; Society for the History of Technology [SHOT]; Francesca Bray; Office of International and Alumni Relations, IIT Madras; History and Technology (Journal) and the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras. L OCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE: Santosh Abraham, Roland Wittje, Kanagarathinan ,Thamarai Selvan, Amil Varghese, Madhu Narayanan, Mathew Joseph, Mahendranath, Chandrasekhar and John Lourdusamy - Dept of HSS, IIT Madras https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/1580835382441-Z8D4UEMZO9EM5K7RWZQG/download.jpeg RoP Conferences Society for the History of Technology Annual Meeting - 11-14 OCTOBER 2018 St. Louis, Missouri (USA) https://www.francescabray.co.uk/cambridge-history-of-technology daily 0.75 2025-06-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b80193375f9ee668c7fe21d/e19c6000-5b06-4531-b471-6e9f954dde57/qing+ming+cardboard+iPad.jpg The Cambridge History of Technology Offering cardboard iPad to the ancestors: Spring Festival grave ceremony, China